TAE Technologies

"A" was the first device made by TAE Technologies at the end of the 90's. It was built at the University of California, Irvine by TAE's founders and a group of students. The vacuum vessel was made out of a fiberglass sewer pipe. It was used for basic scientific and technological development of FRC devices.

"B" was the second device made by TAE Technologies. Like A, it was used for the basic scientific and technological development of FRCs.

C-1 was a field reversed configuration device built by TAE Technologies around 2004. It was a more robust device than A or B but it was not a full scale device as was C-2. C-1 was used to test Pulsed-Inductive Thrusters, a concept developed for space propulsion. C-1 could confine a plasma for 1 ms.

The C-2 was a field reversed configuration device developed by TAE technologies. It was the first full scale device made by the company. A key accomplished goal of C-2 was to demonstrate a High Performance FRC (HPF), eg. improved confinement and stability compared to previous FRC efforts. Additionally the demonstration of heating and stability from Neutral Beam Injection was an important achievement of this device. In 2013, C-2 was upgraded to C-2U.

C-2U was an upgrade of the C-2 experiment. The neutral beam input power was upgraded from ~4MW (20keV Hydrogen) to 10+MW (15keV Hydrogen) and the injection angle was tilted to improve neutral beam to FRC coupling and reduce shine-through losses. Additionally, the edge-biasing capability inside each end-diverter was improved. The key accomplishment of C-2U was FRC stability limited only by hardware and stored energy (eg. neutral beam pulse duration and current sourcing capability of end guns). C-2U was shut down in 2015 to be upgraded again into C-2W

C-2W is an upgrade of the C-2U experiment. The neutral beam power was upgraded to up to ~21 MW and adjustable energies (15-40keV). Pulse duration was extended to up to 30ms. Inner diverters with upgraded edge-biasing electrode systems allowing for longer (30ms+) were installed. A number of other enhancements were added as well.

In 2017, C-2W was renamed as "Norman" to honor late TAE Technologies co-founder, Norman Rostoker.